The Great Fire Of London Reading Passage
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The Great Fire Of London Reading Passage
Paragraph A
The Great Fire of London destroyed 13,200 homes and 87 parish churches in September 1666. Three other mediaeval structures, the Royal Exchange, the Guildhall, and St. Paul's Cathedral, were also wiped out. There were only six confirmed deaths in the Great Fire of London, but many more people perished as a result of smoke inhalation and other complications. At a time when London's annual income was only £12,000, the fire was estimated to have caused £10 million in damages financially. Debtors' prisons swelled as many people lost all of their money.
Paragraph B
On Sunday, 2 September 1666, a fire started in Thomas Farynor's bakery on Pudding Lane, setting off a chain reaction that eventually destroyed much of London. Even though he said he put out the fire, it rekindled three hours later at 1 in the morning. A spark from Farynor's oven may have fallen onto a nearby pile of fuel and started the fire, though this cannot be proven. In 1979, archaeologists unearthed the charred remains of a bakery's neighbour on Pudding Lane, suggesting that the fire may have started there. Twenty pitch barrels were found in the cellar, and their contents were completely burned out. Due to its high combustibility, the pitch would have contributed to the fire's rapid spread.
Paragraph C
Rapidly consuming everything in its path, the blaze raced down Pudding Lane, across Fish Hill, and into the Thames. An intense wind from the east aided the fire's rapid progression, which continued unabated. Warehouses stocked with oil and rope caught fire when the blaze made its way to the Thames. Thankfully, because of the damage done to London Bridge in 1633, the fire could not spread south of the river. Since the fire was spreading so rapidly, most Londoners prioritised getting out of the city rather than trying to put it out.
Paragraph D
There was less of an awareness of fire safety in the 17th century than there is now. The buildings were constructed of wood that had been coated in pitch. Buildings were constructed in a way that allowed the fire to easily jump from one to another. The city had been hit hard by drought after a particularly dry summer, with water in short supply and the wooden homes dried out and more prone to catching fire.
Paragraph E
It was noted by Samuel Pepys, a contemporary diarist and Clerk to the Royal Navy, that the only way to put out the blaze might be to tear down buildings, so he suggested this plan to the King. The Mayor had ordered the use of fire hooks to pull down the burning structures, but the fire had already spread too far. After consulting with the Navy's admiral, Pepys decided it would be best to blow up homes in the path of the blaze. The plan was to make enough room between the buildings to prevent the fire from spreading. The Navy responded to the call, and by morning, the blaze had been extinguished.
Paragraph F
Because of the extensive rebuilding that was necessary for London, many residents fled to the suburbs and countryside. Some people were compelled to endure such conditions for months, while others stayed there for days. Throughout the year 1667, residents of the charred region worked to clear away debris and conduct an inventory of the damage. New street plans and construction codes took a lot of time to develop. New coal taxes funded public construction, but by year's end, only 150 new homes had been built. The purpose of the new rules is to ensure that nothing like the recent disaster ever occurs again. Brick was mandated to replace wooden cladding on new construction. Roads got some extra room, and two brand new ones were built. London's quays were upgraded with the installation of new pavement, sewers, and lighting. However, at first, only temporary buildings were erected, and these lacked the necessary equipment to prevent the spread of the plague, which was common in London at the time. This, combined with the harsh winter that followed the fire, was responsible for the deaths of a great number of people.
Paragraph G
A modern fire department did not exist in 1666. Putting out fires requires little training or expertise. Many attempts were made to put out the fire using leather buckets, axes, and water squirts, but none of these were successful. As a direct response to the devastation caused by the Great Fire of London, insurance firms quickly organised the first fire departments. Due to the lucrative nature of building insurance, many more insurance providers sprung up, each with its own fire department. In the event of a fire, these brigades were dispatched to insured properties in an effort to limit losses. Various insurance providers would use firemarks as a means of advertising their services to policyholders. Brigades would check for them outside of a building to see if it was covered by their insurance. Multiple fire companies would respond to a major blaze. Without their unique fire mark displayed on the structure, they would abandon the home to the flames. Buildings in London often show signs of previous fires. In addition, fire departments were given the option to wear uniforms of varying colours to help them stand out from competing insurance companies. However, despite this positive development, firefighters still only received minimal training and used outdated equipment.
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