TOEFL Reading Practice: Sample Paper
The TOEFL Reading section typically lasts about 60-80 minutes and consists of 3-4 passages, with 12-14 questions per passage.
This section comprises multiple passages, each followed by a series of questions designed to evaluate your comprehension and analytical skills.
The TOEFL Reading section covers various topics such as social sciences, physical sciences, biological sciences, arts, business, and more. Each passage can focus on different subjects, so it's important to be prepared for a wide range of topics.
Question: Read the passage. Give yourself 18 minutes to complete this practice set.
The Rise of Teotihuacán
The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometres northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth in 200–100 B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square kilometres. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative centre, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings. Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of this great metropolis. Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central America and Mexico).
How did this tremendous development occur, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley? Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian1 resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation. The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint—for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.
This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in Teotihuacán’s rise. Prior to 200 B.C., a number of relatively small centres coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico. Around this time, the largest of these centres, Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by lava. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico. The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, that Teotihuacán was the centre that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.
It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources—along with the city elite’s ability to recognise their potential—gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbours. The valley, like many other places in Mexican and Guatemalan highlands, was rich in obsidian. The hard volcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparently had a secure market. Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán. Teotihuacán obsidian must have been recognised as a valuable commodity for many centuries before the great city arose.
Long-distance trade in Obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic goods and a relatively prosperous life. Such success may have attracted immigrants to Teotihuacán. In addition, Teotihuacán’s elite may have consciously attempted to attract new inhabitants. It is also probable that as early as 200 B.C. Teotihuacán may have achieved some religious significance, and its shrine (or shrines) may have served as an additional population magnet. Finally, the growing population was probably fed by increasing the number and size of irrigated fields.
The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic picture of positive feedback among obsidian mining and working, trade, population growth, irrigation, and religious tourism. The thriving obsidian operation, for example, would necessitate more miners, additional manufacturers of obsidian tools, and additional traders to carry the goods to new markets. All this led to increased wealth, which would attract more immigrants to Teotihuacán. The growing power of the elite, who controlled the economy, would allow them to physically coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as additions to the labour force. More irrigation works would have to be built to feed the growing population, and this resulted in more power and wealth for the elite.
