TOEFL Speaking Practice 2024: How to use fillers effectively?

Question Type: Agree/ Disagree

Question: State whether you agree or disagree with the following statement.
                Then explain your reasons, using specific details to the explanation.

Learning through online courses is more effective than learning in the traditional classroom setting.

Directions: Read the transcript. 
 

Narrator: Now listen to part of a lecture in a business class. 
 

Professor: Today, we’ll talk about how companies determine the initial price for their products, by that I mean, when they first introduce a product in the market. There are different approaches, and today we’ll discuss two of them. They are quite different … each with their own advantages. One approach or strategy sets the initial price of the product high, followed by a lower price at a later stage. Why? Well, … when introducing a new product, companies want to build a high-quality image for it. Products that cost more are believed to be of higher quality. So, during the early stages of the product life cycle, companies can make very high profits from consumers willing to pay more for a high quality product, and although consumers know that prices will eventually go down, they’re also willing to pay more to get the product sooner. This approach works very well with … oh … innovative, high-tech products, for example. Now, just think about when video recorders, or … video cameras … or even cell phones … first came out. 
 

They were very expensive, but then they became much more accessible. Another very common strategy sets an initial price low. Now this happens when the market is already saturated with the product and the strategy is to undercut its competitors. Say, there’s a newly starting computer maker trying to gain market share. So what do they do? Well, they offer a computer at an affordable price, lower than existing brands. By doing this, the company appeals to new consumers who weren’t probably even interested in getting a computer and … well, of course … to existing consumers who might now be tempted to switch brands. Now, how does this company make profits with its low-priced computer? Well, one thing that’s often done is to encourage their customers to buy accessories also manufactured by them, like printers, or software, for example. 
 

Using the example from the lecture, explain what behaviour modification is and how it works. Explain the two major factors of product quality and how their role in consumer decision-making has changed.