Climate Change Reveals Ancient Reading Answers: IELTS Reading Practice Test

Climate Change Reveals Ancient Reading Passage 

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As the Earth's climate warms, ancient ice fields are shrinking in Norway's highest mountains, well above the treeline. As the ice has melted, it has been giving up the treasures it has kept safe for the past 6,000 years. These include things like arrows and skis from Viking Age traders. And these artefacts have given archaeologists some surprising insights into how ancient Norwegians made a living.

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Archaeological sites don't find a lot of natural things like textiles and hides. This is because they don't last long if they aren't protected from the microorganisms that cause decay. Extreme cold is a good way to keep artefacts relatively fresh for a few thousand years, but once they are thawed out, they start to break down pretty quickly. As ice cover melts around the world because of climate change, glacial archaeologists have to race against the clock to find new artefacts, keep them safe, and study them. If something fragile dries out and gets blown away by the wind, it might be lost to science very soon. On the other hand, if an arrow is exposed and then covered by snow, it might be well-preserved. Glacial archaeologists have to be very organised when they work in the field because they can't predict what will happen.

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A group of archaeologists, including Lars Pil of the Oppland County Council in Norway and James Barrett of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, studied patches of ice in Oppland, which is in the middle of Norway and has some of the country's highest mountains. Reindeer used to gather on these ice patches in the late summer to get away from biting insects, and since the late Stone Age, hunters have followed them. In addition, trade routes ran through the mountain passes of Oppland, connecting settlements in Norway to the rest of Europe. The slow but steady movement tends to destroy anything at their bases, so the team focused on still patches of ice, mostly above 1,400 metres. That ice is found in fields of frost-weathered boulders, fallen rocks, and exposed bedrock that is covered by snow for nine months of the year. "Fieldwork is hard work—hiking with all our gear and often camping on permafrost—but very rewarding. Barrett says, "You're saving the archaeology, bringing the melting ice to a wider audience, finding a unique environmental history, and really connecting with the natural environment."

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Archaeologists found more than 2,000 artefacts at the edges of the melting ice patches. These things told a story that went from 4,000 BCE to the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century. A lot of the objects have to do with hunting. Archers were easy to lose, and hunters often threw away broken bows rather than carrying them all the way home. Hunters going through the high mountain passes of Oppland could have used other things, too, like tools, skis, and horse tack.

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Barrett and his team radiocarbon dated 153 of the artefacts and compared the results to the timing of major environmental changes in the region, such as cooling or warming periods, and major social and economic shifts, such as the growth of farming settlements and the spread of international trade networks leading up to the Viking Age. Many artefacts were discovered from certain historical periods, suggesting that human activity in the mountains was high at the time. However, during other times, there were hardly any clues about life.

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Barrett found the timing of these epochs to be particularly surprising. The mountains of Oppland are intimidating, and during times of extreme cold, they can block the passages leading to the higher altitudes, making travel there nearly impossible. In the Late Antique Little Lee Age, a brief period of deeper-than-usual cold that occurred about 536–600 CE, archaeologists speculated that humans would avoid living at higher altitudes. However, it became clear that hunters kept frequently travelling into the mountains despite the changing temperature, as evidenced by the quantity of items they reportedly discarded there.

"Remarkably, the findings from the ice may have remained through this period," says Barrett. "This may show that the value of mountain hunting increased to complement poor agricultural harvests during times of low temperatures." The increased reliance on hunting would have been necessary since widespread crop failures would have resulted from a colder turn in the Scandinavian climate.

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The Viking Age began in the 700s and 900s CE, and many of the artefacts unearthed by Barrett's crew date from that time period. During this time, trade routes connecting Scandinavia with Europe and the Middle East were growing. Even though ships are what first come to mind when discussing Scandinavian expansion, these new findings demonstrate the importance of terrestrial routes, such as the mountain passes of Oppland. Growing Norwegian cities and export markets would have increased the demand for hides for insulation and antlers for practical items like combs. Hunters must have been doing well.

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A great deal of prehistoric and historical artefacts are still likely frozen in the mountains of Norway. Looking at the dates for their sample of 153 artefacts, Barrett's team observed a period with absolutely no artefacts, between 3,800 and 2,200 BCE. Indeed, such artefacts are quite uncommon in any part of Norway. Researchers speculate that this is because many of these artefacts have either dissolved or are still frozen in the ice. What this means is that in the future, as the ice melts, archaeologists may be able to retrieve some of these artefacts.

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*Viking  Age:  a  period of  European history from around  700  CE  to around  1050  CE  when Scandinavian Vikings migrated throughout Europe by means of trade and warfare.

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**The Stone Age: a period in early history that began about 3.4 million years ago

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