What is the work permit situation for each of the countries I am interested in, and what are the requirements in Ireland/Germany for a Master's?

Here’s a summary of the work permit rules for international master’s students in the European countries you’re considering. Regulations are subject to change.

Ireland
- During studies: Work up to 20 hours/week (full-time during holidays).
- After graduation: Eligible for a 12-month post-study work visa (Third Level Graduate Programme).

Germany
- During studies: Work up to 120 full days or 240 half days/year (about 20 hours/week).
- After graduation: Eligible for an 18-month job search visa.

France
- During studies: Work up to 964 hours/year (about 20 hours/week).
- After graduation: Eligible for a 12-month temporary residence permit to work or seek employment.

Sweden
- During studies: No official limit on work hours.
- After graduation: Eligible for a 6-month job search or business start-up permit.

Belgium
- During studies: Work up to 20 hours/week (full-time during holidays).
- After graduation: Can apply for a work permit if you have a job offer.

Italy
- During studies: Work up to 20 hours/week.
- After graduation: Eligible for a 12-month residence permit to look for work or start a business.

Austria
- During studies: Work up to 20 hours/week (full-time during holidays).
- After graduation: Can apply for a Red-White-Red Card if you have a qualifying job offer.

Poland
- During studies: Can work part-time without a work permit.
- After graduation: Eligible for a 6-month temporary residence permit to seek employment.

Spain
- During studies: Work up to 20 hours/week.
- After graduation: Eligible for a 12-month residence permit to look for work or start a business.

Netherlands
- During studies: Work up to 16 hours/week (full-time in June - August).
- After graduation: Eligible for a 12-month “search year” permit to find a job or start a business.