Is IELTS mandatory for all countries or are there exceptions like UK and Dubai where IELTS can be taken after application?

It depends. IELTS is not universally mandatory for all countries, and exceptions exist.

- UK: Most universities and the student visa process require an IELTS score at the time of application. Some universities may offer conditional admission, but you must provide proof of English proficiency before your visa is issued.
- Dubai (UAE): Many universities accept applications before IELTS, sometimes even after starting your course, as long as you meet the score by a set deadline. The UAE student visa typically does not require IELTS.

Always check the current requirements for both your chosen university and the country’s visa process, as policies are subject to change.