If we choose universities other than public ones, do we have to pay tuition fees for a Bachelor's/Master's?

Yes, if you choose private universities in Germany or the UK, you will need to pay tuition fees, as these institutions are not state-funded.

- Germany: Private universities charge tuition fees, which can range from €5,000 - €20,000/year for Bachelor's and €10,000 - €40,000/year for Master's programs. Public universities typically do not charge tuition fees for most programs, but private ones do.
- UK: Both public and private universities charge tuition fees for international students. Fees at private universities can be similar to or higher than public ones, often ranging from £15,000 - £32,000/year depending on the course and level.

Tuition fees are subject to change. Be sure to consider additional living and administrative costs when planning your studies.