Can I only target companies that will sponsor my visa, or can I apply for a work visa on my own if the company does not sponsor in Germany/France?

In most European countries, you generally need a job offer from an employer willing to sponsor your work visa. Employer sponsorship is usually required for your visa application to be approved.

However, some countries offer post-study work options that allow you to stay and work or search for a job after graduation without immediate employer sponsorship:

- Germany: After graduation, you can apply for an 18-month Job Seeker Visa to look for work related to your field.
- France: Offers a one-year temporary residence permit (APS) post-graduation to seek employment or start a business.
- Netherlands: Provides a one-year Post-Study Work Visa (PSW) after completing your studies.

These pathways have specific eligibility requirements and are subject to change.